Carbon dioxide emissions are also making the ocean more acidic, making many marine species and ecosystems increasingly vulnerable.
Ocean acidification reduces the ability of marine organisms, such as corals, plankton and shellfish, to build their shells and skeletal structures.
It also exacerbates existing physiological stresses (such as impeded respiration and reproduction) and reduces growth and survival rates during the early life stages of some species.
In the next several decades, storm surges and high tides could combine with sea level rise and land subsidence to further increase flooding in many regions.
Sea level rise will continue past 2100 because the oceans take a very long time to respond to warmer conditions at the Earth’s surface.
Ocean waters will therefore continue to warm and sea level will continue to rise for many centuries at rates equal to or higher than those of the current century.